[507] While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. [643], From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. [136] The article was published under the pseudonym "K. Stalin",[139] a name he had used since 1912. [308], The Soviet Union lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries,[310] and there had been a shortfall of grain; 1927 produced only 70% of grain produced in 1926. [472] He increasingly focused on appeasement with the Germans to delay any conflict with them. Kahlo and Rivera welcomed the couple together and let them stay at her Blue House. [877] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [243] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azerbaijani autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. [586] Much of this was constructed by prison labour. He initially refused, leading to an international crisis in 1946, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out. [151][152], In Kureika, Stalin lived closely with the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak,[153] and spent much of his time fishing. [504] Comintern was dissolved in 1943,[505] and Stalin encouraged foreign Marxist–Leninist parties to emphasise nationalism over internationalism to broaden their domestic appeal. [358] He oversaw proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as advancement of literacy and numeracy. [381], The Soviet Union experienced a major famine which peaked in the winter of 1932–33;[382] between five and seven million people died. Thus, in Trotsky’s view, the lasting success of a socialist revolution (e.g., the October Revolution) depends on revolutions in other countries. [343] The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks;[344] Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. [452] Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. [69] Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. [196] That month, he travelled to Helsinki to talk with the Finnish Social-Democrats, granting Finland's request for independence in December. Plans were made for the Soviet government to evacuate to Kuibyshev, although Stalin decided to remain in Moscow, believing his flight would damage troop morale. [503], In April 1942, Stalin overrode Stavka by ordering the Soviets' first serious counter-attack, an attempt to seize German-held Kharkov in eastern Ukraine. [641] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [252], — Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. [575], Stalin's health was deteriorating, and heart problems forced a two-month vacation in the latter part of 1945. Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. [715] Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of Russian imperialism. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. Trotsky continued to function as the military leader of the Revolution when Kerensky vainly attempted to retake Petrograd with loyal troops. [482] The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory;[483] soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and Leningrad was under siege;[484] and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. [501] The Internationale was dropped as the country's national anthem, to be replaced with a more patriotic song. [918] After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the first President of the new Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued Gorbachev's denunciation of Stalin but added to it a denunciation of Lenin. He reached New York City in January 1917, where he joined the Bolshevik theoretician Nikolay Bukharin in editing the Russian-language paper Novy Mir (“The New World”). [347], In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. [894] According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,000–1.2 million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. Then he launched and saw through a bloody socialist remaking of the entire former empire, presided over a victory in the greatest war in human history, and took the Soviet Union to the epicentre of global affairs. Kerensky’s forces met Trotsky’s at the Battle of Pulkovo. Unrest soon spread across the Russian Empire in what came to be known as the Revolution of 1905. While incarcerated, Trotsky wrote one of his major works, “Results and Prospects,” setting forth his theory of permanent revolution. [795] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [854] There are unproven rumours that from 1934 onward he had a relationship with his housekeeper Valentina Istomina. [777] Stalin denied to foreign visitors that he was a dictator, stating that those who labelled him such did not understand the Soviet governance structure. Governmental authority crumbled quickly, and Petrograd was largely in Bolshevik hands by the time Lenin reappeared from the underground on November 7 to take direct charge of the Revolution and present the Congress of Soviets with an accomplished fact when it convened next day. In the aftermath, Trotsky was jailed and brought to trial in 1906. [690] During the period of his revolutionary activity, Stalin regarded some of Lenin's views and actions as being the self-indulgent activities of a spoiled émigré, deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself. [424] By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. [637] He took increasingly long holidays; in 1950 and again in 1951 he spent almost five months vacationing at his Abkhazian dacha. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult,[910] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda. [147] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. [911] In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. [693] He claimed to be a loyal Leninist,[694] although was—according to Service—"not a blindly obedient Leninist". [651] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. [78] Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops,[79] raided government arsenals,[80] and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. [720] He remained proud of his Georgian identity,[721] and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. [509] This resulted in the protracted Battle of Stalingrad. [681] According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's "few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism". [129], After the October 1912 Duma elections, where six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks were elected, Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the two Marxist factions, for which Lenin criticised him. [448] According to historian James Harris, contemporary archival research shows that the motivation behind the purges was not Stalin attempting to establish his own personal dictatorship; evidence suggests he was committed to building the socialist state envisioned by Lenin. [555], After the war, Stalin was—according to Service—at the "apex of his career". From Memorial society, an NGO and nonprofit. [261] Stalin believed this would encourage independence sentiment among non-Russians, instead arguing that ethnic minorities would be content as "autonomous republics" within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. [614] He gambled that the others would not risk war, but they airlifted supplies into West Berlin until May 1949, when Stalin relented and ended the blockade. [660] Crowds were such that a crush killed about 100 people. [604] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. [356], Stalin desired a "cultural revolution",[357] entailing both creation of a culture for the "masses" and wider dissemination of previously elite culture. [502] The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment,[503] while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. [534] The Gulag system of labour camps was expanded further. [663] The Chinese government instituted a period of official mourning for Stalin's death. [115] He escaped to Saint Petersburg,[116] where he was arrested in September 1911 and sentenced to a further three-year exile in Vologda. [462] A German–Soviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [256] Lenin twice asked Stalin to procure poison so that he could commit suicide, but Stalin never did so. Questions and answers about Leon Trotsky. [419] In 1935, he ordered the NKVD to expel suspected counter-revolutionaries from urban areas;[381] in early 1935, over 11,000 were expelled from Leningrad. He further states the estimate is far lower than the estimates of 20 million or above which were made before access to the archives. By mid-1928 he was unable to rally sufficient support in the party to oppose the reforms. [171], On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. [88] At the conference, the RSDLP — then led by its Menshevik majority — agreed that it would not raise funds using armed robbery. [734] To appear taller, he wore stacked shoes, and stood on a small platform during parades. His wife remained behind, and the separation became permanent. Leon Trotsky—once a vocal critic of Lenin and the Bolshevik Party—joined the Bolsheviks in August 1917. Defiantly, he announced, “from the capitalist prisons and the concentration camps will come most of the leaders of tomorrow’s Europe and the world!” [617] Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. Leon Trotsky—once a vocal critic of Lenin and the Bolshevik Party—joined the Bolsheviks in August 1917. [855] Stalin had at least two illegitimate children,[856] although he never recognised them as being his. [157] Stalin was required to serve four more months on his exile, and he successfully requested that he serve it in nearby Achinsk. He reached Petrograd in mid-May and assumed the leadership of a left-wing Menshevik faction. [154], While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. [230] Stalin had cautioned against this; he believed that nationalism would lead the Polish working-classes to support their government's war effort. [741] He was a lifelong smoker, who smoked both a pipe and cigarettes. He went on to edit the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. Articles and topics related to Joseph Stalin, Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party: 1899–1904, Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath: 1905–1912, Rise to the Central Committee and editorship of, Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation: 1927–1931, Post-war reconstruction and famine: 1945–1947, In the Soviet Union and its successor states, Despite abolishing the office of General Secretary in 1952, Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the, After Stalin's death, Georgy Malenkov succeeded him as both. [281], In the wake of Lenin's death, various protagonists emerged in the struggle to become his successor: alongside Stalin was Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, and Mikhail Tomsky. [567], The NKVD were ordered to catalogue the scale of destruction during the war. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itself—located within the Soviet area—also subdivided thusly. [180] Stalin backed Lenin's decision not to form a coalition with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionary Party, although they did form a coalition government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. We encourage others to duplicate this effort by mirroring this site, copying selected writings from the TIA and otherwise disseminating Trotsky’s writings. At the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, held in Brussels and London in July 1903, Trotsky sided with the Menshevik faction—advocating a democratic approach to socialism—against Lenin and the Bolsheviks. [863], Stalin strengthened and stabilised the Soviet Union. He was released from prison in September and shortly afterward was elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. [686] He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes,[687] and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. [362] The government's anti-religious campaign was re-intensified,[363] with increased funding given to the League of Militant Atheists. From the 1930s onwards, under the influence of Trotsky’s autobiography, even most anti-Communists subscribed to a condescending analysis of how Stalin had won the struggle against his great rival. 6 December] 1878[4][h] and baptised on 29 December. The years between 1921 and 1927, especially after Lenin’s death, saw a desperate struggle for power between Stalin and Trotsky. [54] His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he might be an agent provocateur working for the government. [249] Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. [918] His successor Vladimir Putin did not seek to rehabilitate Stalin but emphasised the celebration of Soviet achievements under Stalin's leadership rather than the Stalinist repressions. Trotsky’s father, David Bronshtein, was a farmer of Russified Jewish background who had settled as a colonist in the steppe region, and his mother, Anna, was of the educated middle class. It includes the political theories and movements associated with such systems. The Russian Empire became a de facto republic, headed by a Provisional Government dominated by liberals. Kahlo also had a brief affair with Leon Trotsky when the couple stayed at … "[726], Stalin had a soft voice,[727] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. [465] International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. [574] Capital punishment was abolished in 1947 but reinstalled in 1950. [364] Religion retained an influence over much of the population; in the 1937 census, 57% of respondents identified as religious. Churchill was concerned that this was the case and unsuccessfully tried to convince the U.S. that the Western Allies should pursue the same goal. [27] He joined 600 trainee priests who boarded there,[28] and he achieved high grades. [430] He also initiated "national operations", the ethnic cleansing of non-Soviet ethnic groups—among them Poles, Germans, Latvians, Finns, Greeks, Koreans, and Chinese—through internal or external exile. [490] He purged the military command; several high-ranking figures were demoted or reassigned and others were arrested and executed. [675] According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. [622], At the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union and the United States divided up the Korean Peninsula, formerly a Japanese colonial possession, along the 38th parallel, setting up a communist government in the north and a pro-Western government in the south. Leon Trotsky (1879-1940) First Menshevik, later Bolshevik Revolutionary. Social ownership can be public, collective, cooperative, or of equity. [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behavior in the Polish–Soviet war. [262] Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism"; Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". For this reason, he retained the Leninist view that world revolution was still a necessity to ensure the ultimate victory of socialism. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (18 December [O.S. [440] He was particularly concerned at the success that right-wing forces had in overthrowing the leftist Spanish government,[441] fearing a domestic fifth column in the event of future war with Japan and Germany. [429] That month, Stalin and Yezhov signed Order No. After the Bolsheviks seized power during the October Revolution and created a one-party state under Lenin's newly renamed Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. [470] One of the most noted instances was the Katyn massacre of April and May 1940, in which around 22,000 members of the Polish armed forces, police, and intelligentsia were executed. [341] New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal began. [371] This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. [176] Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. [197] Socialist revolutionaries accused Stalin's talk of federalism and national self-determination as a front for Sovnarkom's centralising and imperialist policies. [43] Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned. [880], McDermott nevertheless cautioned against "over-simplistic stereotypes"—promoted in the fiction of writers like Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and Anatoly Rybakov—that portrayed Stalin as an omnipotent and omnipresent tyrant who controlled every aspect of Soviet life through repression and totalitarianism. [662] That month featured a surge in arrests for "anti-Soviet agitation" as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention. He settled into a house in Coyoacán in 1936. However, when Lenin died in 1924, Stalin succeeded him and took the reigns of power. [553] Stalin pushed for reparations from Germany without regard to the base minimum supply for German citizens' survival, which worried Truman and Churchill who thought that Germany would become a financial burden for Western powers. [422] The second Moscow Show Trial took place in January 1937,[423] and the third in March 1938, in which Bukharin and Rykov were accused of involvement in the alleged Trotskyite-Zinovievite terrorist plot and sentenced to death. [378] Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933. [326] Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. [323] Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. [427], Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938, a period known as the Great Purge. Trotsky argued that capitalism, stricken for a decade by mass unemployment, immigration quotas, tariff wars, and the constriction of trade, had entered its “death agony” as well. [619] Privately, Stalin revealed that he had underestimated the Chinese Communists and their ability to win the civil war, instead encouraging them to make another peace with the KMT. [224] In February 1920, he was appointed to head the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate;[225] that same month he was also transferred to the Caucasian Front. [340] The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. [723] Stalin's colleagues described him as "Asiatic", and he told a Japanese journalist that "I am not a European man, but an Asian, a Russified Georgian". "[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. [530] Discussing the fate of the Balkans, later in 1944 Churchill agreed to Stalin's suggestion that after the war, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Yugoslavia would come under the Soviet sphere of influence while Greece would come under that of the West. [668] Reforms to the Soviet system were immediately implemented. [264], Their differences also became personal; Lenin was particularly angered when Stalin was rude to his wife Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. [871] Various biographers have described him as a dictator,[872] an autocrat,[873] or accused him of practicing Caesarism. [891] Socialist writers like Volkogonov have acknowledged that Stalin's actions damaged "the enormous appeal of socialism generated by the October Revolution"[892], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labeled "one of the most notorious figures in history. These criticised Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should be removed from the position of general secretary. [307] Here, he argued for the concept of "Socialism in One Country", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. [708] Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention. Germany and its allies responded, and in mid-December peace talks were begun at Brest-Litovsk, though Trotsky continued vainly to invite support from … "[930] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [463] The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany. [106] In early 1908, he travelled to the Swiss city of Geneva to meet with Lenin and the prominent Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, although the latter exasperated him. Trotsky did not want to appear divisive so soon after Lenin's death and did not seize the opportunity to demand Stalin's removal. The Trotsky Internet Archive (TIA) hopes to be central clearing house for Trotsky’s writings. [380] The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. [868] Although millions of Soviet citizens despised him, support for Stalin was nevertheless widespread throughout Soviet society. [77] Stalin formed a Bolshevik Battle Squad which he used to try to keep Baku's warring ethnic factions apart; he also used the unrest as a cover for stealing printing equipment. [172] In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup — the October Revolution — was directed. [257] Despite this comradeship, Lenin disliked what he referred to as Stalin's "Asiatic" manner and told his sister Maria that Stalin was "not intelligent". [535] Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy. [834] Montefiore noted that Stalin's favoured types were "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women",[834] who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. [293] In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the United Opposition against Stalin;[294] in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views under Stalin's command.
Philippine Educational Theater Association Background,
Dog Blood Test Kit,
Selamat Tahun Baru 2021 Gif,
Man City Lineup Prediction,
Rachel Roberts Andy Robertson,
Side Effects Of Being Struck By Lightning,
9-1-1 New Season,
Games Like Two Rooms And A Boom,
Tagline Kompas Tv,
Possible Trades Nba 2021,
Oxford Aqa Exam Timetable 2020,
Neca Ultimate Aliens Warrior,