Dictator, in the Roman Republic, a temporary magistrate with extraordinary powers, nominated by a consul on the recommendation of the Senate and confirmed by the Comitia Curiata (a popular assembly). In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate but withdrawn as a result of Marius’s intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marius in battle. Yet Sulla, with his eyes on Rome, offered uncharacteristically mild terms. With Sulla’s three quick victories, though, the situation began to rapidly turn in his favour. [65] Sulla’s reforms both looked to the past (often re-passing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. Historians date them to a period for which the. Sulla helped Marius in recruiting and training legionaries. There were numerous dictators before him including men like Camillus, Cincinnatus, and Sulla. Neither had power over the other and they often had to agree on matters before setting forth with new laws … Hartfield asserts that Maenius was not appointed for, Three dictators are known only from various literary sources. Sulla’s life was habitually included in the ancient biographical collections of leading generals and politicians, originating in the biographical compendium of famous Romans published by Marcus Terentius Varro. Sulla let Asiagenus leave the camp, firmly believing him to be a supporter. The first of the Leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest which so easily bankrupted the debtors. Sulla was pushed hard on his left flank with the situation so dangerous that he and his men were pushed right up against the city walls. Sallust declares him well-read and intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek, which was a sign of education in Rome. [17], To the Romans the presence of the Germanic tribes in Gaul posed a serious threat to the stability in the area and so they decided to send another army against them. But things in the east weren’t yet settled. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Dictator. While seemingly minor enough to not cause immediate repercussions in the field, Fimbria was relieved of his duty and ordered back to Rome. Marius was elected consul and took over the campaign while Sulla was nominated quaestor to him. No dictator is listed for this year in the, The name of the magister equitum is preserved in the, The names of the dictator and magister equitum for this year are missing from the consular fasti, and not explicitly stated by any ancient author. [74], Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla’s personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. Origins of the dictator . Nine hundred feet of wall was brought down between the Sacred and Piraeic gates on the southwest side of the city. [26], Returning to Rome, Sulla was elected Praetor urbanus for 97 BC. These machinations caused calls for Metellus’s removal; despite delaying tactics by Metellus, in 107 BC Marius returned to Rome to stand for the consulship. Despite the complete encirclement of Athens and its port, and several attempts by Archelaus to raise the siege, a stalemate seemed to have developed. How were Roman dictators chosen? Gary Farney. When Caepio arrived he only found the local tribes and they sensibly decided not to fight the newly arrived legions. The battle of Burdigala destroyed the Romans hope of finishing of the Cimbri and the Germanic threat continued to exist. A dictator was appointed by the Roman senate in a period of extreme strife for no longer than six months. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. [43], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws designed to regulate Rome’s finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Unfortunately for the Romans, a few days later they were ambushed while marching on Burdigala. In truth, the assassination of Caesar was one of many political crises in Roman history. Sulla had defeated a vastly superior force in terms of numbers. The first of these was Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, who governed Africa. He besieged the rebel cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. At the town of Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla and Asiagenus met face-to-face to negotiate and Asiagenus surrendered without a fight. Despite their middling … This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. [8][9] As a result of this, Sulla’s branch of the gens lost public standing and never retained the position of consul or dictator until Sulla came. At the beginning of the Social War, the Roman aristocracy and Senate were beginning to fear Gaius Marius’s ambition, which had already given him 6 consulships (including 5 in a row, from 104 BC to 100 BC). The return of a large Mithridatic army caused the revolt of Boeotians from the Romans. Sulla was besieging Nola when he heard that rioting had broken out in Rome; he quickly returned to Rome to meet with Pompeius Rufus; however, Sulpicius’ followers attacked the meeting, forcing Sulla to take refuge in Marius’ house, who in turn forced him to support Sulpicius’ pro-Italian legislation in exchange for protection from the mob. First Roman to become dictator in ages, instituted a purge of rivals and tried to turn back reform in favor of the aristocracy. Overall authority of the Roman Republic in order to avoid crisis. was a Roman military and political leader whose role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire changed the course of Western civilization. The Germanic tribes then moved to the lands north and east of Tolosa in south-western Gaul. Even the armed gladiators were unable to resist the organized Roman soldiers; and although Marius offered freedom to any slave that would fight with him against Sulla (an offer which Plutarch says only three slaves accepted)[52] he and his followers were forced to flee the city.[53]. These sources are examined by Broughton in the second volume of his Magistrates of the Roman Republic, and again in the third volume, which appeared in 1986, where he rejects Alföldi's hypothesis that it was a sudden … Julius Caesar, celebrated Roman general and statesman, the conqueror of Gaul (58–50 BCE), victor in the civil war of 49–45 BCE, and dictator (46–44 BCE), who was launching a series of political and social reforms when he was assassinated by a group of nobles in the Senate House on the Ides of March. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar’s dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. Caesar never achieved a full invasion of Britain, but … Then Archelaus flung his right wing at the Roman left; Sulla, seeing the danger of this manoeuvre, raced over from the Roman right wing to help. Marius died a fortnight later and Cinna was left in sole control of Rome. Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time.” -Plutarch, Life of Sulla (XXXI). After a second consulship in 80 BC (with Metellus Pius), Sulla, true to his traditionalist sentiments, resigned his dictatorship in early 79,[3] disbanded his legions and re-established normal consular government. The Social War (91–88 BC) resulted from Rome’s intransigence regarding the civil liberties of the Socii, Rome’s Italian allies. Buca’s next denarius gives Caesar’s title as Dictator Perpetuo, the Senate having extended Caesar’s term as Dictator “for life” sometime around the middle of February 44 BCE. To this end he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for ten years before being reelected to any office. [29], Sulla’s campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. Conveniently the source of the disturbance was located directly between Sulla and another march on Rome. In 86 BC, after Sulla’s victory in Orchomenos, he initially spent some time re-establishing Roman authority. Two of the three future triumvirs joined Sulla’s cause in his bid to take control. He then made a move that looked to Archelaus like a retreat. After speaking with Lucullus, Sura handed over the command of his troops to Sulla. [41], After forcing the capitulation of all the rebel-held cities in Campania, with the exception of Nola, Sulla launched a dagger-thrust into the heartland of the Samnites. Before the great works of Shakespeare, Julius Caesar was famous in his Roman city which. Cassius, Brutus, and the rest of the conspirators killed Caesar because they were afraid that he may become King and revoke their privileges and take all their power from them. Sulla, as yet not having a fleet, was powerless to prevent Archelaus’ escape. Cinna pushed his men hard to move to position in Illyria, and forced marches through snow-covered mountains did little to endear Cinna to his army. His legate soon arrived with the fleet he was sent to gather, and Sulla was ready to recapture lost Greek islands before crossing into Asia Minor. [27] In 96 BC he was appointed propraetor of the province of Cilicia in Asia Minor. Plutarch states in his “Life of Sulla” that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries: “He consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long”. No general before him had ever crossed the city limits, the pomerium, with his army. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus: Pompey the Great. The two Roman armies camped next to each other; and Sulla, not for the first time, encouraged his soldiers to spread dissension among Flaccus’ army. [23] Meanwhile Marius had completely defeated the Ambrones and the Teutones in a battle near Aquae Sextiae. With all vestige of hope crumbling for Mithridates, he fled Pergamum to the coastal city of Pitane. [72], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. Julius Caesar was a dictator that turned the Roman republic to the Roman Empire. A midnight sack of Athens began, and after the taunts of Aristion, Sulla was not in a mood to be magnanimous. The young Gaius Julius Caesar, as Cinna’s son-in-law, became one of Sulla’s targets and fled the city. Sulla was 50 years old by then (most Roman consuls being in their early forties), he had finally achieved his rise into Rome’s ruling class. [50] After leaving Rome again for Nola, Sulpicius (who was given a promise from Marius to wipe out his enormous debts) called an Assembly of the People to reverse the Senate’s previous decision to grant Sulla military command, and instead transfer it to Marius. Last words. Mark Davies; Hilary Swain (22 June 2010). Marius, however, fled to safety in Africa until he heard Sulla was once again out of Rome, at which point he began plotting his return. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. 6 In addition, a Lucius Caesar of the first half of the first century BC, the cos. 90, or his like-named son, the cos. 64, was the author of a work on the origins of Rome and the descendants of Aeneas. Sulla then took five of the six legions stationed at Nola and marched on Rome. This page was last edited on 16 April 2021, at 02:40. The Trojan Genealogy of the Iulii before Caesar the Dictator. He had persuaded Jugurtha’s father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom), to betray Jugurtha who had fled to Mauretania for refuge. This destabilized the Pontic army, slewing it towards its right flank. He also married his third wife, Caecilia Metella, which connected him to the mighty Caecilii Metelli family. The army sent to stop Sulla wavered in the face of battle against experienced veterans, and certainly along with the prodding of Sulla’s operatives, gave up the cause, going over to Sulla’s side as a result. [6], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[7] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. This can be translated: “The boy will be a source of felicity to you and the state”. Perhaps in an attempt to gain experience for an army to act as a counter to Sulla’s forces, or to show Sulla that the Senate also had some strength of its own, Cinna raised an army to deal with this Illyrian problem. [35], In 89 BC, a praetor now, Sulla served under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato Licinianus. Before he became all powerful, Caesar revealed himself to have extraordinary leadership capabilities. He was a leader of the former, which sought to maintain the Senatorial supremacy against the social reforms advocated by the latter, headed by Marius. Unfortunately for the Romans, Caepio who was a patrician and Mallius Maximus who was a ‘new man’ did not get along. In addition, possible Sullan supporters were murdered. Even though the life time of Julius Caesar took place in 100 BC – 44 BC, people everywhere will mention Caesar’s name and legacy. [58] The purge went on for several months. Julius Caesar was, no doubt, a lady’s man. Gaius Julius Caesar(100-44 BC) Gaius Julius Caesar was born on 12 July 100 BC in Rome, son of Gaius Caesar and Aurelia. Flaccus attempted to flee, but was captured shortly after and the consul was executed. [50] Sulpicius also used the assembly to forcefully eject Senators from the Senate until there weren’t enough of them to form a quorum. Read More. However, by 86 BC Marius was dead and his enemy, Sulla, had become the most powerful Roman citizen. The death of Julius Caesar in the Roman Senate. Flaccus’ second in command was Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had few virtues. [68][69], Sulla’s goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. [66][9] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar would later mock Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. For the Julii, they were by no means the richest of the patricians, but they weren’t the poorest either. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[2,3,4] 138–78 BC), known commonly as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman and one of the canonical figures of Roman history. The Jugurthine War had started in 112 BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it between several members of the royal family.
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