what is kernel exploitation

First, register the service and then start the service. If you enjoyed learning by reading this book, Syngress has a series of truly amazing hacking books over a wide range of topics including (listed alphabetically), Aggressive Network Self-Defense: by Neil R. Wyler, Bruce Potter, and Chris Hurley, A Guide to Kernel Exploitation: by Enrico Perla, Massimiliano Oldani, Ninja Hacking: by Thomas Wilhelm and Jason Andress, PenTester’s Open Source Tookit: by Jeremy Faircloth, Chris Hurley, and Jesse Varsalone, Professional Penetration Testing: by Thomas Wilhelm, Seven Deadliest Microsoft Attacks: by Rob Kraus, Brian Barber, Mike Borkin, and Naomi Alpern, Seven Deadliest Network Attacks: by Stacy Prowell, Rob Kraus, and Mike Borkin, Seven Deadliest Social Network Attacks: by Carl Timm and Richard Perez, Seven Deadliest Unified Communications Attacks: by Dan York, Seven Deadliest USB Attacks: by Brian Anderson and Barbara Anderson, Seven Deadliest Web Application Attacks: by Mike Shema, Seven Deadliest Wireless Technologies Attacks: by Brad Haines, Stealing the Network: The Complete Series: by Johnny Long, Ryan Russell, and Timothy Mullen, If you are interested in a more “hands-on” learning approach, there are many great two- to five-day security boot camps available to you. Instead of executing an attack against a patched kernel (which may leave traces of the attempt on the target), you can check if the vulnerability is there and decide to proceed or not with the attack accordingly. The most important fields are: Tm – Pointer to the associated transaction manager. The SLUB allocator will be a protagonist again in Chapter 8, which presents a reliable and one-shot remote exploit targeting a remote SCTP vulnerability. To practically demonstrate how to target this allocator, we use a dummy vulnerable driver and a working exploit against it. After reading this book, you may be hungry to learn more about a particular topic, step, or technique that was discussed. The use of the high-precision time stamp counter (RDTSC/TSC) that we mentioned earlier is a good example of the former. Typical information that we might be able to gather about the heap allocator is the number of allocated and free objects for each cache. To accomplish this, the BSD system calls setuid/getuid/setgid/getgid and their brethren were implemented. Another great penetration testing methodology can be found at: http://www.vulnerabilityassessment.co.uk. Inside these pages you might find stored SSH keys, passwords, or mapped files that could lead to a direct compromise of the system. Again, this buffer may contain valuable information, such as valid virtual address ranges or module debugging messages. For example, skape, H D Moore, and Johnny Cache built upon a set of Windows wireless driver issues and wrote about remote Windows kernel exploitation in the Uninformed e-zineG (at the end of 2006), and the authors of this book covered the UNIX world (in particular, Linux) in a “Kernel Exploitation Notes” article in PHRACK 64 (in May 2007). that let you perform simple tasks such as writing an e-mail, watching a movie, or surfing … These are clearly at offsets 0xc and 0x10 (12 and 16). This is a very important kernel structure for understanding the vulnerability and for exploitation. This header file contains definitions for user mode object as well as kernel mode object, which makes exploitation of this exploit easier than that of stack overflow. I will show how to put the victim object (struct packet_sock in this post) next adjacent to the vulnerable buffer (packet rv_ring buffer in previous post). Something more fun than user-mode exploitation ;) The main goal is to gain execution with kernel-mode context. Thanks to this property, we can force the load of a vulnerable or useful module from user land by simply generating the right request. The training will follow a theoretical and practical (hands-on) approach. If this information is filtered (which is the case when extra security protections are in place) and your goal is only to detect if a specific module is available, you may be able to list (or even read) the available modules from the directory where they are kept. This mitigates the creation of executable kernel-mode memory in many kernel exploits. If you are interested in pursuing a security-related degree through a higher education institution, you are highly encouraged to attend an NSA-accredited Center of Academic Excellence. Get Free Kernel Exploitations Courses now and use Kernel Exploitations Courses immediately to get % off or $ off or free shipping. Ethical hacking: Breaking cryptography (for hackers), Ethical hacking: Lateral movement techniques, Covering tracks — Hiding files on Windows/Linux/MacOS, Vulnerable HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver from. Once again, for consistency we will begin our analysis of Mac OS X kernel exploitation by exploring the execution step. in a driver), it is convenient to jump to a userland shellcode, like token stealing, instead of crafting a more complex kernel land payload. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. First, the base address of Page Tables is randomized on startup, making the simple translation of memory address to Page Table Entry impossible9. I have recently came across (well, not entirely by myself… cheers Nahuel!) If you have truly studied, practiced, and understood the basic material presented in this book, you are equipped to tackle more advanced training. Next the kernel-mode address of GDI objects in the GdiSharedHandleTable were removed. We will accompany our analysis following the development of an exploit for a real vulnerability, the CVE-2009-1046W set_selection() memory corruption issue. Now that you have mastered the basics, there should be many additional doors open to you. To do that, as we explained, we need to fill all the pages used for the cache (i.e., drive the allocation of all the free objects) so that the allocator will ask for new pages and start using them exactly as it was during its very first allocation. In the section “The Triggering Step,” we said that our first objective when attacking the heap (or the physical page allocator) is to get to a state where allocator behavior is predictable. In this chapter, we will learn about the various exploitation tools offered by Kali Linux. We finished the chapter with a small refresher on the open versus closed source saga just to point out that most of the operating systems we will cover (with the notable exception of the Windows family) provide their source code free for download. There are literally dozens of security topics and specializations to choose from at these events. We will go into more details about exploit-relevant exported information in Part II. Also, spotting what we can call a default kernel is extremely easy, thanks to the system version information we mentioned at the beginning of this chapter. This is especially true for kernel-land exploitation, where the target, the kernel, is the piece of software that is closest to the machine. We need to get the IOCTL for this drive function. Unless the leak is pretty wide (you can retrieve a lot of kernel memory from user land) and/or very controllable (you can decide what area of the kernel to leak; note that in such a case you are usually able to leak as much memory as you want by repeating the attack), this kind of vulnerability does not lead to a compromise of the machine. In such a case, your exploit should detect the situation and give you a chance to stop so that you have time to check the specific version and come back later with a working version. In such a case, we obtain an incredibly accurate way to synchronize our attacking threads. Click on Active Services to quickly check whether the driver is running or not. The operating system kernel manages many of the fundamental details that an operating system needs to deal with, including memory, disk storage, and low-level networking. Some of them could be internal, and thus change from version to version, and some might have been introduced or dropped after a given release. The information-gathering step refers to all those pre-exploitation operations that our code will perform to collect information about and from the environment. As a general rule, it is better to fail than to panic a target. Since this book is about writ- Always check what options your operating system gives to restrict permissions to diagnostic tools and exported information. The Linux SLUB allocator: Starting with the 2.6 branch, the Linux kernel offers the option of choosing among different (logically, mutually exclusive) heap allocators. This bug class is extremely useful in raising the efficiency of our exploit, especially if we are targeting a system configured with a lot of security protections (we will say a little more about that in the “Defend Yourself” sidebar at the end of this section), since it can cast a light on the addresses used in kernel land, and thus allow us to calculate the correct return address for our shellcode. First, let us see what the user mode object contains. The course dives deep into topics ranging from precision heap spraying to DEP and ASLR bypass techniques to 64-bit kernel exploitation. Effectively, this is a program that will be executed when we install or uninstall a new module into the linux kernel. On the other hand, though, the amount of anti-exploitation protection at the kernel level is still limited, whereas user-land protection is becoming increasingly sophisticated. Enrico Perla, Massimiliano Oldani, in A Guide to Kernel Exploitation, 2011. The Penetration Testing Framework (PTF) is an excellent resource for penetration testers and security assessment teams. Now we must load the driver, and we will load it using OSRloader, but before that, since Microsoft cannot let unsigned drivers load to the system we must enable test signing like below. We started down the road toward the world of kernel exploitation by introducing some generic, mandatory kernel concepts: how the kernel keeps track of and selects processes to run, and how virtual memory allows each process to run as though it has a large, contiguous, and private address space.

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